Summary
Vitamin E is an antioxidant vitamin used in many skin creams and multivitamin preparations.
Brand NamesMvc-fluoride, Vitafol-one
Generic NameVitamin EDrugBank Accession NumberDB00163BackgroundIn 1922, vitamin E was demonstrated to be an essential nutrient12. Vitamin E is a term used to describe 8 different fat soluble tocopherols and tocotrienols, alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active1. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant, protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage1. The antioxidant effects are currently being researched for use in the treatment of diseases causing bone loss, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and associated comorbidities, eye diseases, inflammatory diseases (including skin conditions), lipid disorders, neurological diseases, and radiation damage13. Though this research is so far inconclusive, vitamin E remains a popular supplement and is generally considered safe by the FDALabel.
TypeSmall MoleculeGroupsApproved, Nutraceutical, Vet approvedStructureMonoisotopic: 430.381080844 Chemical FormulaC29H50O2Synonyms
- (+)-α-tocopherol
- (2R,4'R,8'R)-α-tocopherol
- (R,R,R)-α-tocopherol
- 5,7,8-trimethyltocol
- alpha-tocopherol
- d-α-tocopherol
- E-307A
- INS NO.307A
- INS-307A
- J24.260H
Vitamin E supplementation is indicated for treatment of vitamin E deficiency which can occur in cystic fibrosis, cholestasis and severe liver disease, abetalipoproteinemia or simply poor diet1,15.
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Associated Conditions- Vitamin Deficiency
- Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid supplementation
- Dietary supplementation
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PharmacodynamicsVitamin E is a collective term used to describe 8 separate fat soluble antioxidants, most commonly alpha-tocopherol1. Vitamin E acts to protect cells against the effects of free radicals, which are potentially damaging by-products of the body's metabolism. Vitamin E deficiency is seen in persons with abetalipoproteinemia, premature, very low birth weight infants (birth weights less than 1500 grams, or 3½ pounds), cystic fibrosis, and cholestasis and severe liver disease1. Preliminary research suggests vitamin E may help prevent or delay coronary heart disease and protect against the damaging effects of free radicals, which may contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer2. It also protects other fat-soluble vitamins (A and B group vitamins) from destruction by oxygen3. Low levels of vitamin E have been linked to increased incidence of breast and colon cancer16.
Mechanism of actionThe mechanism of action for most of vitamin E's effects are still unknown1,4. Vitamin E is an antioxidant, preventing free radical reactions with cell membranes10. Though in some cases vitamin E has been shown to have pro-oxidant activity10.
One mechanism of vitamin E's antioxidant effect is in the termination of lipid peroxidation11. Vitamin E reacts with unstable lipid radicals, producing stable lipids and a relatively stable vitamin E radical11. The vitamin E radical is then reduced back to stable vitamin E by reaction with ascorbate or glutathione11.
USEC14-like protein 4 | Not Available | Humans |
USEC14-like protein 3 | Not Available | Humans |
USEC14-like protein 2 | Not Available | Humans |
UNuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 | Not Available | Humans |
UProtein kinase C beta type | Not Available | Humans |
UArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase | Not Available | Humans |
UProtein kinase C alpha type | Not Available | Humans |
UDiacylglycerol kinase alpha | Not Available | Humans |
USerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform | Not Available | Humans |
USerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform | Not Available | Humans |
10-33% of deuterium labelled vitamin E is absorbed in the small intestine5,15. Absorption of Vitamin E is dependant upon absorption of the fat in which it is dissolved15,1. For patients with poor fat absorption, a water soluble form of vitamin E may need to be substituted such as tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate15.
In other studies the oral bioavailability of alpha-tocopherol was 36%, gamma-tocotrienol was 9%14. The time to maximum concentration was 9.7 hours for alpha-tocopherol and 2.4 hours for gamma-tocotrienol14.
Volume of distribution0.41L/kg in premature neonates given a 20mg/kg intramuscular injection6.
Protein bindingVitamin E is bound to lipoproteins in blood1,11.
MetabolismAlpha and gamma tocopherol are undergo beta oxidation and a process mediated by cytochrome P450s such as CYP4F2, CYP3A4, and CYP3A57. These processes convert alpha and gamma tocopherol to alpha-CEHC (2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(2’-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman) and gamma-CEHC (2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(2’-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman) respectively, however the full process is not known7.
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Route of eliminationAlpha tocopherol is excreted in urine as well as bile in the feces mainly as a carboxyethyl-hydrochroman (CEHC) metabolite, but it can be excreted in it's natural form 8.
Half-life44 hours in premature neonates given a 20mg/kg intramuscular injection6. 12 minutes in intravenous injection of intestinal lymph11.
Clearance6.5mL/hr/kg in premature neonates given a 20mg/kg intramuscular injection6.
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ToxicityThere is no data available for effects in pregnancy, breast feeding, hepatic impairment, or renal impairment. However, it appears that the process of vitamin E elimination is strict and self regulating enough that vitamin E toxicity is exceedingly rare8,9. Studies showing adverse effects from excess vitamin E generally involve people consuming more than 1000mg/day for weeks to months15.
PathwaysNot AvailablePharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Not AvailableDrug InteractionsThis information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
- Approved
- Vet approved
- Nutraceutical
- Illicit
- Withdrawn
- Investigational
- Experimental
- All Drugs
Abametapir | The serum concentration of Vitamin E can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. |
Abciximab | Vitamin E may increase the antiplatelet activities of Abciximab. |
Abemaciclib | The metabolism of Abemaciclib can be increased when combined with Vitamin E. |
Acalabrutinib | The metabolism of Acalabrutinib can be increased when combined with Vitamin E. |
Acenocoumarol | Vitamin E may increase the anticoagulant activities of Acenocoumarol. |
Acetylsalicylic acid | Vitamin E may increase the antiplatelet activities of Acetylsalicylic acid. |
Albendazole | The metabolism of Albendazole can be increased when combined with Vitamin E. |
Alectinib | The metabolism of Alectinib can be increased when combined with Vitamin E. |
Alpelisib | The metabolism of Alpelisib can be increased when combined with Vitamin E. |
Alteplase | Vitamin E may increase the anticoagulant activities of Alteplase. |
- Take with or without food. High-fat foods may increase absorption of Vitamin E.
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Product ImagesAcne C-Patch | Patch | 0.06 g/2g | Topical | NeoBiotech Global Corporation | 2018-02-10 | Not applicable | ||
Acti-copherols 200 Cap | Capsule | 200 unit / cap | Oral | Acti Form Ltd. | 1991-12-31 | 2005-03-21 | ||
Acti-D Alphacopherol Cap 400unit | Capsule | 400 unit / cap | Oral | Acti Form Ltd. | 1991-12-31 | 2005-03-21 | ||
Acti-D Alphacopherol Cap 800unit | Capsule | 800 unit / cap | Oral | Acti Form Ltd. | 1991-12-31 | 2005-03-21 | ||
BLACKMORES BIO E 500 CAPSULE | Capsule | 500 IU | Oral | BLACKMORES (MALAYSIA) SDN. BHD. | 2020-09-08 | Not applicable | ||
E 100 Cap Natural 100unit | Capsule | 100 unit / cap | Oral | Vita Health Products Inc | 1979-12-31 | 2008-08-05 | ||
E 100 Iu | Capsule | 100 unit / cap | Oral | Natural Factors Nutritional Products Ltd. | 2000-04-05 | 2008-07-17 | ||
E 100 Iu Capsules | Capsule | 100 unit / cap | Oral | Gahler Enterprises Ltd. | 1988-12-31 | 2000-04-20 | ||
E 200 Cap 200unit | Capsule | 200 unit / cap | Oral | Flora Manufacturing And Distributing Ltd. | 1985-12-31 | 1996-09-09 | ||
E 200 Cap Natural 200unit | Capsule | 200 unit / cap | Oral | Vita Health Products Inc | 1979-12-31 | 2008-08-05 |
24 Multivitamins + Minerals | Vitamin E (50 unit) + Ascorbic acid (150 mg) + Beta carotene (10000 unit) + Biotin (25 mcg) + Calcium (130 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Choline bitartrate (25 mg) + Chromium (20 mcg) + Copper (1 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Ferrous fumarate (15 mg) + Folic acid (.8 mg) + Inositol (25 mg) + Magnesium (65 mg) + Manganese (2 mg) + Molybdenum (20 mcg) + Niacin (25 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (25 mg) + Potassium (15 mg) + Potassium Iodide (.1 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Racemethionine (25 mg) + Riboflavin (25 mg) + Selenium (20 mcg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Vanadium (20 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (5000 unit) + Zinc (10 mg) | Tablet | Oral | Stanley Pharmaceuticals, A Division Of Vita Health Products Inc. | 1997-04-30 | 2002-07-31 | ||
50 Plus | Vitamin E (20 unit) + Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Biotin (20 mcg) + Choline bitartrate (20 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (20 mcg) + Folic acid (.2 mg) + Inositol (20 mg) + Niacin (20 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (20 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg) + Racemethionine (20 mg) + Riboflavin (20 mg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (20 mg) + Vitamin A palmitate (10000 unit) + Vitamin D (400 unit) | Tablet | Oral | Quest Vitamins A Div Of Purity Life Health Products | 1998-08-04 | 2001-07-06 | ||
A.C.E.S. Capsules | Vitamin E (400 unit / cap) + Ascorbic acid (250 mg / cap) + Beta carotene (10000 unit / cap) + Selenium (.025 mg / cap) | Capsule | Oral | Bioforce Canada Inc. | 1994-12-31 | 1997-04-04 | ||
ACE PLUS SELENYUM YUMUSAK KAPSUL, 30 ADET | Vitamin E (200 mg) + Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Beta carotene (200 mg) + Selenium (50 mg) | Capsule | Oral | KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. | 2020-08-14 | Not applicable | ||
ACECAP YUMUSAK KAPSUL, 30 ADET | Vitamin E (200 mg) + Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Beta carotene (20 mg) | Capsule | Oral | KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. | 2020-08-14 | Not applicable | ||
Aces Caplet | Vitamin E (200 unit) + Beta carotene (15000 unit) + Calcium ascorbate (350 mg) + Chromium (25 mcg) + Selenium (100 mcg) + Zinc (25 mg) | Tablet | Oral | Nu Life Nutrition Ltd. | 1997-08-15 | 2005-03-15 | ||
Aces Formula/formule A A S | Vitamin E (400 unit / cap) + Ascorbic acid (250 mg / cap) + Beta carotene (3333 unit / cap) + Selenium (25 mcg / cap) | Capsule | Oral | Quantofill Inc. | Not applicable | Not applicable | ||
Aces Tab | Vitamin E (200 unit) + Calcium ascorbate (350 mg) + Cholecalciferol (200 unit) + Chromium (25 mcg) + Selenium (100 mcg) + Vitamin A (5000 unit) + Zinc (25 mg) | Tablet | Oral | Nu Life Nutrition Ltd. | 1987-12-31 | 2005-03-15 | ||
ACESCAP YUMUSAK KAPSUL, 30 ADET | Vitamin E (200 mg) + Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Beta carotene (20 mg) | Capsule | Oral | KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. | 2020-08-14 | Not applicable | ||
Adeks - Dps | Vitamin E (40 unit / mL) + Ascorbic acid (45 mg / mL) + Beta carotene (1 mg / mL) + Biotin (15 mcg / mL) + Cyanocobalamin (4 mcg / mL) + Nicotinamide (6 mg / mL) + Panthenol (3 mg / mL) + Phylloquinone (0.1 mg / mL) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (0.6 mg / mL) + Riboflavin (0.6 mg / mL) + Thiamine (0.5 mg / mL) + Vitamin A palmitate (1500 unit / mL) + Vitamin D (400 unit / mL) + Zinc sulfate (5 mg / mL) | Solution / drops | Oral | Axcan Pharma | 1995-12-31 | 2007-10-01 |
Acne C-Patch | Vitamin E (0.06 g/2g) | Patch | Topical | NeoBiotech Global Corporation | 2018-02-10 | Not applicable | ||
C-Nate DHA | Vitamin E (30 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (1 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (15 ug/1) + Ferrous fumarate (28 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium (30 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (200 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Riboflavin (3 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (3 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (20 mg/1) | Capsule, gelatin coated | Oral | Centurion Labs, LLC | 2013-01-01 | Not applicable | ||
Cavan Prenatal | Vitamin E (30 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (200 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (420 [iU]/1) + Choline bitartrate (55 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (8 ug/1) + Ferrous fumarate (28 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Niacin (20 mg/1) + Potassium Iodide (150 ug/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (3 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (3 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (15 ug/1) | Tablet | Oral | Seton Pharmaceuticals | 2009-07-09 | 2009-07-22 | ||
Cavan-EC SOD DHA | Vitamin E (30 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (130 mg/1) + Beta carotene (3000 [iU]/1) + Calcium (230 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (410 [iU]/1) + Copper (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (440 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (28 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (30 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc (26 mg/1) | Kit | Oral | Seton Pharmaceuticals | 2010-01-10 | 2014-07-15 | ||
CitraNatal Assure | Vitamin E (30 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Calcium citrate tetrahydrate (125 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Copper (2 mg/1) + Doconexent (300 mg/1) + Docusate sodium (50 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Icosapent (0.75 mg/1) + Iodine (150 ug/1) + Iron (35 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Riboflavin (3.4 mg/1) + Thiamine chloride (3 mg/1) + Zinc (25 mg/1) | Kit | Oral | Mission Pharmacal | 2008-11-19 | Not applicable | ||
CitraNatal Assure | Vitamin E (30 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Calcium citrate tetrahydrate (124 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Copper (2 mg/1) + Doconexent (300 mg/1) + Docusate sodium (50 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Icosapent (0.75 mg/1) + Iodine (150 ug/1) + Iron (35 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Riboflavin (3.4 mg/1) + Thiamine chloride (3 mg/1) + Zinc (25 mg/1) | Kit | Oral | Mission Pharmacal Company | 2014-04-30 | Not applicable | ||
CitraNatal Essence | Vitamin E (30 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Calcium citrate tetrahydrate (140 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Copper (2 mg/1) + Doconexent (300 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Icosapent (0.75 mg/1) + Iodine (150 ug/1) + Iron (35 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Riboflavin (3.4 mg/1) + Thiamine chloride (3 mg/1) + Zinc (25 mg/1) | Kit | Oral | Mission Pharmacal Company | 2020-07-07 | Not applicable | ||
CitraNatal Harmony 3.0 | Vitamin E (30 [iU]/1) + Calcium citrate tetrahydrate (104 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (260 mg/1) + Docusate sodium (50 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iron (27 mg/1) + Pyridoxine (25 mg/1) | Capsule, gelatin coated | Oral | Mission Pharmacal Company | 2014-03-21 | Not applicable | ||
CitraNatal Medley | Vitamin E (15 [iU]/1) + Calcium citrate tetrahydrate (62 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (200 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (200 mg/1) + Ferrous fumarate (2 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iron (27 mg/1) + Pyridoxine (12.5 mg/1) | Capsule, gelatin coated | Oral | Mission Pharmacal Company | 2018-03-20 | Not applicable | ||
Extra-Virt Plus DHA | Vitamin E (30 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (28 mg/1) + Biotin (250 ug/1) + Calcium carbonate (158 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (800 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (350 mg/1) + Docusate calcium (55 mg/1) + Ferrous fumarate (29 mg/1) + Folic acid (1.25 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) | Capsule, gelatin coated | Oral | Virtus Pharmaceuticals LLC | 2012-12-28 | 2015-11-22 |
- Antioxidants
- Basic Ointments and Protectants
- Benzopyrans
- Biological Factors
- Compounds used in a research, industrial, or household setting
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inducers (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Diet, Food, and Nutrition
- Dietary Supplements
- Food
- Growth Substances
- Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring
- Micronutrients
- Physiological Phenomena
- Protective Agents
- Pyrans
- Supplements
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin E, analogs & derivatives
- Vitamins
- Vitamins (Fat Soluble)
- Humans and other mammals
InChI=1S/C29H50O2/c1-20(2)12-9-13-21(3)14-10-15-22(4)16-11-18-29(8)19-17-26-25(7)27(30)23(5)24(6)28(26)31-29/h20-22,30H,9-19H2,1-8H3/t21-,22-,29-/m1/s1
IUPAC Name(2R)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol
SMILESCC(C)CCC[C@@H](C)CCC[C@@H](C)CCC[C@]1(C)CCC2=C(O1)C(C)=C(C)C(O)=C2C
Synthesis ReferenceRalph E. Close, William Oroshnik, "Synthesis of dehydrophytol and Vitamin E." U.S. Patent US4039591, issued February, 1945.
US4039591General References- Okebukola PO, Kansra S, Barrett J: Vitamin E supplementation in people with cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 6;3:CD009422. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009422.pub3. [Article]
- Miller ER 3rd, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ, Guallar E: Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Jan 4;142(1):37-46. Epub 2004 Nov 10. [Article]
- Rumbold AR, Crowther CA, Haslam RR, Dekker GA, Robinson JS: Vitamins C and E and the risks of preeclampsia and perinatal complications. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 27;354(17):1796-806. [Article]
- Brigelius-Flohe R: Vitamin E: the shrew waiting to be tamed. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009 Mar 1;46(5):543-54. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.12.007. Epub 2008 Dec 24. [Article]
- Reboul E: Vitamin E Bioavailability: Mechanisms of Intestinal Absorption in the Spotlight. Antioxidants (Basel). 2017 Nov 22;6(4). pii: antiox6040095. doi: 10.3390/antiox6040095. [Article]
- Colburn WA, Ehrenkranz RA: Pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular injection of vitamin E to premature neonates. Pediatr Pharmacol (New York). 1983;3(1):7-14. [Article]
- Kaempf-Rotzoll DE, Traber MG, Arai H: Vitamin E and transfer proteins. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2003 Jun;14(3):249-54. doi: 10.1097/01.mol.0000073505.41685.09. [Article]
- Lemaire-Ewing S, Desrumaux C, Neel D, Lagrost L: Vitamin E transport, membrane incorporation and cell metabolism: Is alpha-tocopherol in lipid rafts an oar in the lifeboat? Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 May;54(5):631-40. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900445. [Article]
- Hathcock JN, Azzi A, Blumberg J, Bray T, Dickinson A, Frei B, Jialal I, Johnston CS, Kelly FJ, Kraemer K, Packer L, Parthasarathy S, Sies H, Traber MG: Vitamins E and C are safe across a broad range of intakes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Apr;81(4):736-45. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/81.4.736. [Article]
- Herrera E, Barbas C: Vitamin E: action, metabolism and perspectives. J Physiol Biochem. 2001 Mar;57(2):43-56. [Article]
- Bjorneboe A, Bjorneboe GE, Drevon CA: Absorption, transport and distribution of vitamin E. J Nutr. 1990 Mar;120(3):233-42. doi: 10.1093/jn/120.3.233. [Article]
- Brigelius-Flohe R, Traber MG: Vitamin E: function and metabolism. FASEB J. 1999 Jul;13(10):1145-55. [Article]
- Peh HY, Tan WS, Liao W, Wong WS: Vitamin E therapy beyond cancer: Tocopherol versus tocotrienol. Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Jun;162:152-69. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.12.003. Epub 2015 Dec 17. [Article]
- Qureshi AA, Khan DA, Silswal N, Saleem S, Qureshi N: Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics, and Bioavailability of Higher Doses of Tocotrienols in Healthy Fed Humans. J Clin Exp Cardiolog. 2016 Apr;7(4). doi: 10.4172/2155-9880.1000434. Epub 2016 Apr 28. [Article]
- NIH ODS Vitamin E Fact Sheet for Health Professionals [Link]
- Vitamin E | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University [Link]
4 | Active Not Recruiting | Supportive Care | Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) | 1 |
4 | Completed | Prevention | Neonatal Asphyxia | 1 |
4 | Completed | Supportive Care | Cirrhosis of the Liver / Muscle Cramps | 1 |
4 | Completed | Supportive Care | Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis (SIP) | 1 |
4 | Completed | Treatment | Epilepsies | 1 |
4 | Completed | Treatment | Hypertrophic Cicatrix / Keloids Scars / Scars, Hypertrophic | 1 |
4 | Completed | Treatment | Non Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) | 1 |
4 | Completed | Treatment | Obesity, Adolescent / Stress Oxidative | 1 |
4 | Completed | Treatment | Pain | 1 |
4 | Recruiting | Treatment | Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | 1 |
Not Available
Packagers- AAIPharma Inc.
- Accucaps Industries Ltd.
- Actavis Group
- A-S Medication Solutions LLC
- AstraZeneca Inc.
- Basic Drugs Inc.
- Baxter International Inc.
- Breckenridge Pharmaceuticals
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
- Carlisle Laboratories Inc.
- Catalent Pharma Solutions
- Contract Pharm
- CVS Pharmacy
- Dispensing Solutions
- Domel Laboratories Inc.
- DSM Corp.
- E.R. Squibb and Sons LLC
- Equaline Vitamins
- Everett Laboratories Inc.
- Freeda Vitamins
- H and H Laboratories
- Hawthorn Pharmaceuticals
- Hi Tech Pharmacal Co. Inc.
- Hospira Inc.
- Ivax Pharmaceuticals
- IVC Industries Inc.
- KV Pharmaceutical Co.
- Lannett Co. Inc.
- Major Pharmaceuticals
- Medicine Shop
- Medvantx Inc.
- Mission Pharmacal
- National Vitamin Company
- Nature's Bounty
- Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Olive Healthcare
- Pharmaceutical Generic Developers Inc.
- Pharmelle LLC
- Pharmics Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Pronova Corp.
- Puretek Corp.
- Qualitest
- Rasi Laboratories Inc.
- River's Edge Pharmaceuticals
- Rugby Laboratories
- Sandoz
- Sciele Pharma Inc.
- Seton Pharmaceuticals LLC
- Seyer Pharmatec Inc.
- Silarx Pharmaceuticals
- Spectrum Pharmaceuticals
- Tri Med Laboratories Inc.
- V Sab Medical Labs Inc.
- Vintage Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Vitaline Corp.
- Walgreen Co.
- Warner Chilcott Co. Inc.
- Wockhardt Ltd.
Patch | Topical | 0.06 g/2g |
Capsule | Oral | 400 unit / cap |
Capsule; kit; tablet, film coated | Oral | |
Capsule, liquid filled | Oral | |
Capsule, liquid filled | Oral | 800 mg |
Capsule, liquid filled | Oral | 100 mg |
Capsule | Oral | 409 mg |
Capsule | Oral | 500 IU |
Lotion | Topical | |
Injection, powder, for solution | Intramuscular; Intravenous | |
Injection, powder, for solution | Parenteral | |
Injection, solution | Intramuscular; Intravenous | |
Tablet, film coated | ||
Tablet | ||
Capsule | ||
Powder | Topical | |
Capsule | Oral | 200 unit / cap |
Tablet, chewable | Oral | 100 mg |
Capsule, liquid filled | Oral | 307.68 mg |
Powder | Oral | |
Powder, for solution | Intravenous | |
Capsule, gelatin coated | ||
Capsule | Oral | 250 IU |
Solution | Intramuscular | |
Capsule | Oral | 600 I.E. |
Tablet, sugar coated | Oral | 75 mcg |
Capsule, delayed release | Oral | |
Ointment | Topical | 34 unit / g |
Tablet, coated | Oral | 150 mcg |
Tablet, chewable | Oral | |
Liquid | Oral | 27 unit / mL |
Liquid | Oral | 200 unit / mL |
Liquid | Intravenous | |
Solution | Intravenous | |
Solution / drops | Oral | |
Tablet | Oral | |
Liquid | Oral | 150 unit / mL |
Capsule | Oral | 1000 unit |
Capsule | Oral | |
Tablet, film coated | Oral | 1000 mcg |
Liquid | Oral | |
Capsule, liquid filled | Oral | 1 mg |
Capsule, coated | Oral | 400 IU |
Capsule | Oral | 7 unit / cap |
Emulsion | Parenteral | |
Capsule | Oral | 400 unit |
Tablet, film coated | Oral | |
Capsule, gelatin coated | Oral | |
Tablet, effervescent | Oral | |
Syrup | Oral | |
Powder, for solution | Oral | |
Tablet, coated | Oral | |
Syrup | ||
Lozenge | Oral | |
Tablet, extended release | Oral | |
Powder, for solution | Intramuscular; Intravenous | |
Capsule, coated | Oral | |
Injection, solution | ||
Capsule | Oral | 134 unit / cap |
Capsule | Oral | |
Capsule, liquid filled; kit | Oral | |
Capsule, liquid filled | Oral | |
Capsule; kit; tablet, coated | Oral | |
Injection | Intravenous | 330 iu/ml |
Injection | Intravenous | 230 iu/ml |
Injection, emulsion | Intravenous | |
Emulsion | Intravenous | |
Tablet | Oral | 200 unit / tab |
Capsule | Oral | 1000 unit / cap |
Capsule | Oral | 100 unit |
Capsule | Oral | 200 unit |
Tablet | Oral | 50 unit / tab |
Capsule | Oral | 800 unit |
Cream | Topical | |
Ointment | Topical | 50 unit / g |
Ointment | Topical | 1000 unit / 60 g |
Ointment | Topical | 30 unit / g |
Capsule, liquid filled | Oral | 1000 IU |
Capsule, liquid filled | Oral | 1000 mg |
Capsule, liquid filled | Oral | 200 IU |
Capsule, liquid filled | Oral | 400 IU |
Capsule, liquid filled | Oral | 400 U |
Capsule, liquid filled | Oral | 400 mg |
Capsule | Oral | 100 unit / cap |
Capsule | Oral | 800 unit / cap |
Cream | Topical | 250 unit / mL |
Capsule | Oral | 25 unit / cap |
Kit | Oral | |
Liquid | Oral | 100 unit / mL |
Capsule | Oral | 200 iu |
Capsule | Oral | 400 iu |
Tablet, film coated | 500 iu | |
Tablet, film coated | 250 iu | |
Tablet, sugar coated | Oral | |
Tablet, sugar coated | Oral | 100 IU |
Capsule | Oral | 168 mg |
Capsule | Oral | 335 mg |
Capsule | Oral | 100 iu |
Capsule | Oral | 500 mg |
Vitamin e acetate liquid | 1.07USD | ml |
Ester-e 400 unit softgel | 0.26USD | softgel capsule |
Vit e nat'l blnd 1000 unit capsule | 0.2USD | capsule |
Vitamin e 400 unit tablet | 0.19USD | tablet |
E pherol 400 unit tablet | 0.13USD | tablet |
Vitamin e 1000 unit capsule | 0.13USD | capsule |
Vitamin e beauty oil | 0.1USD | ml |
CVS Pharmacy vitamin e 800 unit softgel | 0.09USD | softgel capsule |
Vitamin e 600 unit capsule | 0.07USD | capsule |
Vitamin e 400 unit capsule | 0.06USD | capsule |
CVS Pharmacy vitamin e 400 unit capsule | 0.05USD | capsule |
Vitamin e 200 unit capsule | 0.05USD | each |
CVS Pharmacy vitamin e 200 unit softgel | 0.04USD | softgel capsule |
Natural vitamin e 400 unit cap | 0.04USD | capsule |
Natural vitamin e 400 unit capsule | 0.04USD | capsule |
Vitamin e 100 unit capsule | 0.04USD | capsule |
Vitamin e 400 unit softgel | 0.04USD | softgel capsule |
CVS Pharmacy vitamin e plus cream | 0.03USD | g |
Natural vit e 200 unit capsule | 0.03USD | capsule |
Vitamin e cream | 0.02USD | g |
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
PatentsNot AvailableStateSolidExperimental Propertiesmelting point (°C) | 3 °C | MSDS |
water solubility | Insoluble in water, but water-dispersible. | MSDS |
Water Solubility | 7.04e-06 mg/mL | ALOGPS |
logP | 8.84 | ALOGPS |
logP | 10.51 | ChemAxon |
logS | -7.8 | ALOGPS |
pKa (Strongest Acidic) | 10.8 | ChemAxon |
pKa (Strongest Basic) | -4.9 | ChemAxon |
Physiological Charge | 0 | ChemAxon |
Hydrogen Acceptor Count | 2 | ChemAxon |
Hydrogen Donor Count | 1 | ChemAxon |
Polar Surface Area | 29.46 Å2 | ChemAxon |
Rotatable Bond Count | 12 | ChemAxon |
Refractivity | 135.37 m3·mol-1 | ChemAxon |
Polarizability | 55.29 Å3 | ChemAxon |
Number of Rings | 2 | ChemAxon |
Bioavailability | 0 | ChemAxon |
Rule of Five | No | ChemAxon |
Ghose Filter | No | ChemAxon |
Veber's Rule | No | ChemAxon |
MDDR-like Rule | No | ChemAxon |
Human Intestinal Absorption | + | 0.9795 |
Blood Brain Barrier | + | 0.9767 |
Caco-2 permeable | + | 0.8484 |
P-glycoprotein substrate | Substrate | 0.7189 |
P-glycoprotein inhibitor I | Non-inhibitor | 0.7598 |
P-glycoprotein inhibitor II | Inhibitor | 0.7802 |
Renal organic cation transporter | Non-inhibitor | 0.7882 |
CYP450 2C9 substrate | Non-substrate | 0.6949 |
CYP450 2D6 substrate | Non-substrate | 0.7813 |
CYP450 3A4 substrate | Substrate | 0.7533 |
CYP450 1A2 substrate | Non-inhibitor | 0.8122 |
CYP450 2C9 inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9071 |
CYP450 2D6 inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9231 |
CYP450 2C19 inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.9026 |
CYP450 3A4 inhibitor | Non-inhibitor | 0.8309 |
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity | Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity | 0.7762 |
Ames test | Non AMES toxic | 0.9132 |
Carcinogenicity | Non-carcinogens | 0.8813 |
Biodegradation | Not ready biodegradable | 0.9965 |
Rat acute toxicity | 2.1598 LD50, mol/kg | Not applicable |
hERG inhibition (predictor I) | Weak inhibitor | 0.7192 |
hERG inhibition (predictor II) | Non-inhibitor | 0.6449 |
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)
Mass Spec (NIST)Not AvailableSpectraGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (1 TMS) | GC-MS | splash20-000i-1390000000-fc8c4f9b9405598ede7f |
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (1 TMS) | GC-MS | splash20-00dr-9150010000-c4abc0e689e9b2476b9d |
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) | GC-MS | splash20-0f79-1190040000-663296a69129a59be1a6 |
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS | Not Available |
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF | GC-MS | splash20-000i-1390000000-fc8c4f9b9405598ede7f |
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF | GC-MS | splash20-00dr-9150010000-c4abc0e689e9b2476b9d |
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS | GC-MS | splash20-0f79-1190040000-663296a69129a59be1a6 |
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | MS | splash20-0159-2900500000-03e8a824731610752eb3 |
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive | LC-MS/MS | splash20-03di-9600100000-aaf885290800a10d3fb2 |
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive | LC-MS/MS | splash20-01wr-9300000000-f0c814976a58a9d837ca |
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive | LC-MS/MS | splash20-0f79-1494700000-6b5f8f817c5a5429ed70 |
MS/MS Spectrum - EI-EBEB (JMS-HX/HX 110A, JEOL) , Positive | LC-MS/MS | splash20-00lr-4910600000-1eda05dacf9642d7cea0 |
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Not Available |
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Not Available |
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Not Available |
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Not Available |
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Not Available |
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Not Available |
1H NMR Spectrum | 1D NMR | Not Applicable |
1H NMR Spectrum | 1D NMR | Not Applicable |
13C NMR Spectrum | 1D NMR | Not Applicable |
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum | 2D NMR | Not Applicable |
Targets
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KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
Also identified as TAP3, this protein binds to Vitamin E , though the exact bond conformation has not been studied.General FunctionTransporter activitySpecific FunctionProbable hydrophobic ligand-binding protein; may play a role in the transport of hydrophobic ligands like tocopherol, squalene and phospholipids.Gene NameSEC14L4Uniprot IDQ9UDX3Uniprot NameSEC14-like protein 4Molecular Weight46643.385 Da
References- Schmolz L, Birringer M, Lorkowski S, Wallert M: Complexity of vitamin E metabolism. World J Biol Chem. 2016 Feb 26;7(1):14-43. doi: 10.4331/wjbc.v7.i1.14. [Article]
- Peter Weber, Marc Birringer, Jeffrey B. Blumberg, Manfred Eggersdorfer, Jan Frank (2019). Vitamin E in Human Health. Springer. [ISBN:978-3-030-05314-7]
KindProteinOrganismHumans Pharmacological action
Unknown
General FunctionTransporter activitySpecific FunctionProbable hydrophobic ligand-binding protein; may play a role in the transport of hydrophobic ligands like tocopherol, squalene and phospholipids.Gene NameSEC14L3Uniprot IDQ9UDX4Uniprot NameSEC14-like protein 3Molecular Weight46047.835 Da
References- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Ye X, Ji C, Yin G, Tang R, Zeng L, Gu S, Ying K, Xie Y, Zhao RC, Mao Y: Characterization of a human Sec14-like protein cDNA SEC14L3 highly homologous to human SPF/TAP. Mol Biol Rep. 2004 Mar;31(1):59-63. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
General FunctionVitamin e bindingSpecific FunctionCarrier protein. Binds to some hydrophobic molecules and promotes their transfer between the different cellular sites. Binds with high affinity to alpha-tocopherol. Also binds with a weaker affinit...Gene NameSEC14L2Uniprot IDO76054Uniprot NameSEC14-like protein 2Molecular Weight46144.9 Da
References- Neuzil J, Dong LF, Wang XF, Zingg JM: Tocopherol-associated protein-1 accelerates apoptosis induced by alpha-tocopheryl succinate in mesothelioma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 May 19;343(4):1113-7. Epub 2006 Mar 31. [Article]
- Ni J, Pang ST, Yeh S: Differential retention of alpha-vitamin E is correlated with its transporter gene expression and growth inhibition efficacy in prostate cancer cells. Prostate. 2007 Apr 1;67(5):463-71. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
General FunctionZinc ion bindingSpecific FunctionNuclear receptor that binds and is activated by variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Transcription factor that activates the transcription of multiple genes involved in the metabolism an...Gene NameNR1I2Uniprot IDO75469Uniprot NameNuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2Molecular Weight49761.245 Da
References- Rabovsky A, Cuomo J, Eich N: Measurement of plasma antioxidant reserve after supplementation with various antioxidants in healthy subjects. Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Sep;371(1-2):55-60. Epub 2006 Mar 6. [Article]
- Meijerman I, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH: Herb-drug interactions in oncology: focus on mechanisms of induction. Oncologist. 2006 Jul-Aug;11(7):742-52. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
General FunctionZinc ion bindingSpecific FunctionCalcium-activated, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in various cellular processes such as regulation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signalosom...Gene NamePRKCBUniprot IDP05771Uniprot NameProtein kinase C beta typeMolecular Weight76868.45 Da
References- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Wigg SJ, Tare M, Forbes J, Cooper ME, Thomas MC, Coleman HA, Parkington HC, O'Brien RC: Early vitamin E supplementation attenuates diabetes-associated vascular dysfunction and the rise in protein kinase C-beta in mesenteric artery and ameliorates wall stiffness in femoral artery of Wistar rats. Diabetologia. 2004 Jun;47(6):1038-46. Epub 2004 Jun 8. [Article]
- Huang Y, Ishizuka T, Miura A, Kajita K, Ishizawa M, Kimura M, Yamamoto Y, Kawai Y, Morita H, Uno Y, Yasuda K: Effect of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 and vitamin E on insulin-induced glucose uptake in rat adipocytes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002 Mar;55(3):175-83. [Article]
- Ganz MB, Seftel A: Glucose-induced changes in protein kinase C and nitric oxide are prevented by vitamin E. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Jan;278(1):E146-52. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
General FunctionIron ion bindingSpecific FunctionCatalyzes the first step in leukotriene biosynthesis, and thereby plays a role in inflammatory processes.Gene NameALOX5Uniprot IDP09917Uniprot NameArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase Molecular Weight77982.595 Da
References- Taccone-Gallucci M, Manca-di-Villahermosa S, Battistini L, Stuffler RG, Tedesco M, Maccarrone M: N-3 PUFAs reduce oxidative stress in ESRD patients on maintenance HD by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase activity. Kidney Int. 2006 Apr;69(8):1450-4. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
General FunctionZinc ion bindingSpecific FunctionCalcium-activated, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that is involved in positive and negative regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, differenti...Gene NamePRKCAUniprot IDP17252Uniprot NameProtein kinase C alpha typeMolecular Weight76749.445 Da
References- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Azzi A, Boscoboinik D, Clement S, Marilley D, Ozer NK, Ricciarelli R, Tasinato A: Alpha-tocopherol as a modulator of smooth muscle cell proliferation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1997 Oct;57(4-5):507-14. [Article]
- Sylvester PW, McIntyre BS, Gapor A, Briski KP: Vitamin E inhibition of normal mammary epithelial cell growth is associated with a reduction in protein kinase C(alpha) activation. Cell Prolif. 2001 Dec;34(6):347-57. [Article]
- Huang Y, Ishizuka T, Miura A, Kajita K, Ishizawa M, Kimura M, Yamamoto Y, Kawai Y, Morita H, Uno Y, Yasuda K: Effect of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 and vitamin E on insulin-induced glucose uptake in rat adipocytes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002 Mar;55(3):175-83. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
The studies referenced have shown that vitamin E (VtE) activates the DGKα isoform in vitro and in vivo in the mouse knockout model.General FunctionPhospholipid bindingSpecific FunctionUpon cell stimulation converts the second messenger diacylglycerol into phosphatidate, initiating the resynthesis of phosphatidylinositols and attenuating protein kinase C activity.Gene NameDGKAUniprot IDP23743Uniprot NameDiacylglycerol kinase alphaMolecular Weight82629.55 Da
References- Hayashi D, Yagi K, Song C, Ueda S, Yamanoue M, Topham M, Suzaki T, Saito N, Emoto N, Shirai Y: Diacylglycerol Kinase alpha is Involved in the Vitamin E-Induced Amelioration of Diabetic Nephropathy in Mice. Sci Rep. 2017 Jun 1;7(1):2597. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02354-3. [Article]
- Fukunaga-Takenaka R, Shirai Y, Yagi K, Adachi N, Sakai N, Merino E, Merida I, Saito N: Importance of chroman ring and tyrosine phosphorylation in the subtype-specific translocation and activation of diacylglycerol kinase alpha by D-alpha-tocopherol. Genes Cells. 2005 Apr;10(4):311-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2005.00842.x. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
Vitamin E's effects and inhibition of PKC is linked to its activation of protein phosphatases and their subsequent downstream effects.General FunctionProtein serine/threonine phosphatase activitySpecific FunctionPP2A can modulate the activity of phosphorylase B kinase casein kinase 2, mitogen-stimulated S6 kinase, and MAP-2 kinase.Gene NamePPP2CBUniprot IDP62714Uniprot NameSerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoformMolecular Weight35574.85 Da
References- Ricciarelli R, Tasinato A, Clement S, Ozer NK, Boscoboinik D, Azzi A: alpha-Tocopherol specifically inactivates cellular protein kinase C alpha by changing its phosphorylation state. Biochem J. 1998 Aug 15;334 ( Pt 1):243-9. doi: 10.1042/bj3340243. [Article]
- Zingg JM: Modulation of signal transduction by vitamin E. Mol Aspects Med. 2007 Oct-Dec;28(5-6):481-506. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2006.12.009. Epub 2007 Jan 12. [Article]
- Millward TA, Zolnierowicz S, Hemmings BA: Regulation of protein kinase cascades by protein phosphatase 2A. Trends Biochem Sci. 1999 May;24(5):186-91. doi: 10.1016/s0968-0004(99)01375-4. [Article]
KindProteinOrganism HumansPharmacological action
Unknown
Vitamin E's effects and inhibition of PKC is linked to its activation of protein phosphatases and their subsequent downstream effects.General FunctionPP2A is the major phosphatase for microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). PP2A can modulate the activity of phosphorylase B kinase casein kinase 2, mitogen-stimulated S6 kinase, and MAP-2 kinase. Cooperates with SGO2 to protect centromeric cohesin from separase-mediated cleavage in oocytes specifically during meiosis I (By similarity). Can dephosphorylate SV40 large T antigen and p53/TP53. Activates RAF1 by dephosphorylating it at 'Ser-259'.Specific FunctionGaba receptor bindingGene NamePPP2CAUniprot IDP67775Uniprot NameSerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoformMolecular Weight35593.93 Da
References- Millward TA, Zolnierowicz S, Hemmings BA: Regulation of protein kinase cascades by protein phosphatase 2A. Trends Biochem Sci. 1999 May;24(5):186-91. doi: 10.1016/s0968-0004(99)01375-4. [Article]
- Ricciarelli R, Tasinato A, Clement S, Ozer NK, Boscoboinik D, Azzi A: alpha-Tocopherol specifically inactivates cellular protein kinase C alpha by changing its phosphorylation state. Biochem J. 1998 Aug 15;334 ( Pt 1):243-9. doi: 10.1042/bj3340243. [Article]
- Zingg JM: Modulation of signal transduction by vitamin E. Mol Aspects Med. 2007 Oct-Dec;28(5-6):481-506. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2006.12.009. Epub 2007 Jan 12. [Article]
Enzymes
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
ActionsInhibitor
General FunctionS-nitrosoglutathione bindingSpecific FunctionConjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Regulates negatively CDK5 activity via p25/p35 translocation to prevent neurodegeneration.Gene NameGSTP1Uniprot IDP09211Uniprot NameGlutathione S-transferase PMolecular Weight23355.625 Da
References- Ralat LA, Colman RF: Identification of tyrosine 79 in the tocopherol binding site of glutathione S-transferase pi. Biochemistry. 2006 Oct 17;45(41):12491-9. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
ActionsInhibitor
General FunctionOxidoreductase activitySpecific FunctionExhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities. Has S-(phenacyl)glutathione reductase activity. Has also glutathione S-transferase activity. Participates...Gene NameGSTO1Uniprot IDP78417Uniprot NameGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Molecular Weight27565.6 Da
References- Sampayo-Reyes A, Zakharyan RA: Tocopherol esters inhibit human glutathione S-transferase omega. Acta Biochim Pol. 2006;53(3):547-52. Epub 2006 Oct 1. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumans Pharmacological action
Unknown
ActionsInducer
General FunctionProtein homodimerization activitySpecific FunctionConjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. May govern uptake and detoxification of both endogenous compounds and xenobiotics at the t... Gene NameGSTM3Uniprot IDP21266Uniprot NameGlutathione S-transferase Mu 3Molecular Weight26559.32 Da
References- Mustacich DJ, Gohil K, Bruno RS, Yan M, Leonard SW, Ho E, Cross CE, Traber MG: Alpha-tocopherol modulates genes involved in hepatic xenobiotic pathways in mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2009 Jun;20(6):469-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.05.007. Epub 2008 Sep 11. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
ActionsInducer
General FunctionMagnesium ion bindingSpecific FunctionNot AvailableGene NameGCLCUniprot IDP48506Uniprot NameGlutamate--cysteine ligase catalytic subunitMolecular Weight72765.14 Da
References- Feng Z, Liu Z, Li X, Jia H, Sun L, Tian C, Jia L, Liu J: alpha-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Dec;21(12):1222-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.010. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
ActionsInducer
General FunctionSuperoxide dismutase activitySpecific FunctionThe enzyme apparently serves as a quinone reductase in connection with conjugation reactions of hydroquinons involved in detoxification pathways as well as in biosynthetic processes such as the vit...Gene NameNQO1Uniprot IDP15559Uniprot NameNAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1Molecular Weight30867.405 Da
References- Feng Z, Liu Z, Li X, Jia H, Sun L, Tian C, Jia L, Liu J: alpha-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Dec;21(12):1222-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.010. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
ActionsInducer
General FunctionSignal transducer activitySpecific FunctionHeme oxygenase cleaves the heme ring at the alpha methene bridge to form biliverdin. Biliverdin is subsequently converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Under physiological conditions, the a...Gene NameHMOX1Uniprot IDP09601Uniprot NameHeme oxygenase 1Molecular Weight32818.345 Da
References- Feng Z, Liu Z, Li X, Jia H, Sun L, Tian C, Jia L, Liu J: alpha-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Dec;21(12):1222-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.010. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
ActionsInducer
General FunctionZinc ion bindingSpecific FunctionDestroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.Gene NameSOD1Uniprot IDP00441Uniprot NameSuperoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]Molecular Weight15935.685 Da
References- Feng Z, Liu Z, Li X, Jia H, Sun L, Tian C, Jia L, Liu J: alpha-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Dec;21(12):1222-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.010. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [Article]
KindProtein OrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
ActionsSubstrate
Inducer
Cytochrome P450 3A4 performs omega-hydroxylation on vitamin E in the first step of vitamin E's metabolism.General FunctionVitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activitySpecific FunctionCytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...Gene NameCYP3A4Uniprot IDP08684Uniprot NameCytochrome P450 3A4Molecular Weight57342.67 Da
References- Brigelius-Flohe R: Adverse effects of vitamin E by induction of drug metabolism. Genes Nutr. 2007 Dec;2(3):249-56. doi: 10.1007/s12263-007-0055-0. Epub 2007 Oct 16. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
ActionsInducer
General FunctionGlutathione transferase activitySpecific FunctionConjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.Gene NameGSTA2Uniprot IDP09210Uniprot NameGlutathione S-transferase A2Molecular Weight25663.675 Da
References- Feng Z, Liu Z, Li X, Jia H, Sun L, Tian C, Jia L, Liu J: alpha-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Dec;21(12):1222-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.010. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [Article]
Carriers
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
ActionsBinder
SEC14-like protein 2 may be involved in intracellular transport of alpha tocopherol to the mitochondria.General FunctionVitamin e bindingSpecific FunctionCarrier protein. Binds to some hydrophobic molecules and promotes their transfer between the different cellular sites. Binds with high affinity to alpha-tocopherol. Also binds with a weaker affinit...Gene NameSEC14L2Uniprot IDO76054Uniprot NameSEC14-like protein 2Molecular Weight46144.9 Da
References- Lemaire-Ewing S, Desrumaux C, Neel D, Lagrost L: Vitamin E transport, membrane incorporation and cell metabolism: Is alpha-tocopherol in lipid rafts an oar in the lifeboat? Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 May;54(5):631-40. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900445. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
ActionsBinder
SEC14-like protein 3 may be involved in intracellular transport of alpha tocopherol to the mitochondria.General FunctionTransporter activitySpecific FunctionProbable hydrophobic ligand-binding protein; may play a role in the transport of hydrophobic ligands like tocopherol, squalene and phospholipids.Gene NameSEC14L3Uniprot IDQ9UDX4Uniprot NameSEC14-like protein 3Molecular Weight46047.835 Da
References- Lemaire-Ewing S, Desrumaux C, Neel D, Lagrost L: Vitamin E transport, membrane incorporation and cell metabolism: Is alpha-tocopherol in lipid rafts an oar in the lifeboat? Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 May;54(5):631-40. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900445. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
ActionsBinder
General Function Facilitates the transfer of a spectrum of different lipid molecules, including diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, cerebroside and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Essential for the transfer of excess surface lipids from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to HDL, thereby facilitating the formation of smaller lipoprotein remnants, contributing to the formation of LDL, and assisting in the maturation of HDL particles. PLTP also plays a key role in the uptake of cholesterol from peripheral cells and tissues that is subsequently transported to the liver for degradation and excretion. Two distinct forms of PLTP exist in plasma: an active form that can transfer PC from phospholipid vesicles to high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and an inactive form that lacks this capability.Specific FunctionCeramide bindingGene NamePLTPUniprot IDP55058Uniprot NamePhospholipid transfer proteinMolecular Weight54738.85 Da
References- Lemaire-Ewing S, Desrumaux C, Neel D, Lagrost L: Vitamin E transport, membrane incorporation and cell metabolism: Is alpha-tocopherol in lipid rafts an oar in the lifeboat? Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 May;54(5):631-40. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900445. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
ActionsBinder
General FunctionVitamin e bindingSpecific FunctionBinds alpha-tocopherol, enhances its transfer between separate membranes, and stimulates its release from liver cells (PubMed:7887897). Binds both phosphatidylinol 3,4-bisphosphate and phosphatidyl...Gene NameTTPAUniprot IDP49638Uniprot NameAlpha-tocopherol transfer proteinMolecular Weight31749.305 Da
Transporters
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
ActionsSubstrate
SR-BI transporters mediate tocopherol uptake across the brush border membrane in intestinal Caco-2 cells and mouse modelsGeneral FunctionVirus receptor activitySpecific FunctionReceptor for different ligands such as phospholipids, cholesterol ester, lipoproteins, phosphatidylserine and apoptotic cells. Probable receptor for HDL, located in particular region of the plasma ...Gene NameSCARB1Uniprot ID Q8WTV0Uniprot NameScavenger receptor class B member 1Molecular Weight60877.385 Da
References- Olivier M, BottG R, Frisdal E, Nowick M, Plengpanich W, Desmarchelier C, Roi S, Quinn CM, Gelissen I, Jessup W, Van Eck M, Guerin M, Le Goff W, Reboul E: ABCG1 is involved in vitamin E efflux. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Dec;1841(12):1741-51. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.003. [Article]
- Lemaire-Ewing S, Desrumaux C, Neel D, Lagrost L: Vitamin E transport, membrane incorporation and cell metabolism: Is alpha-tocopherol in lipid rafts an oar in the lifeboat? Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 May;54(5):631-40. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900445. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
ActionsSubstrate
This transporter is involved in the intestinal absorption of alpha and gamma tocopherolGeneral FunctionSyntaxin bindingSpecific FunctioncAMP-dependent and sulfonylurea-sensitive anion transporter. Key gatekeeper influencing intracellular cholesterol transport.Gene NameABCA1Uniprot IDO95477Uniprot NameATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1Molecular Weight254299.89 Da
References- Olivier M, BottG R, Frisdal E, Nowick M, Plengpanich W, Desmarchelier C, Roi S, Quinn CM, Gelissen I, Jessup W, Van Eck M, Guerin M, Le Goff W, Reboul E: ABCG1 is involved in vitamin E efflux. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Dec;1841(12):1741-51. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.003. [Article]
- Lemaire-Ewing S, Desrumaux C, Neel D, Lagrost L: Vitamin E transport, membrane incorporation and cell metabolism: Is alpha-tocopherol in lipid rafts an oar in the lifeboat? Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 May;54(5):631-40. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900445. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
ActionsSubstrate
This transporter is involved in intestinal alpha tocopherol absorptionGeneral FunctionRab gtpase bindingSpecific FunctionPlays a major role in cholesterol homeostasis. Is critical for the uptake of cholesterol across the plasma membrane of the intestinal enterocyte. Is the direct molecular target of ezetimibe, a drug...Gene NameNPC1L1Uniprot IDQ9UHC9Uniprot NameNiemann-Pick C1-like protein 1Molecular Weight148726.52 Da
References- Olivier M, BottG R, Frisdal E, Nowick M, Plengpanich W, Desmarchelier C, Roi S, Quinn CM, Gelissen I, Jessup W, Van Eck M, Guerin M, Le Goff W, Reboul E: ABCG1 is involved in vitamin E efflux. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Dec;1841(12):1741-51. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.003. [Article]
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action
Unknown
ActionsSubstrate
General FunctionToxin transporter activitySpecific FunctionTransporter involved in macrophage lipid homeostasis. Is an active component of the macrophage lipid export complex. Could also be involved in intracellular lipid transport processes. The role in c...Gene NameABCG1Uniprot IDP45844Uniprot NameATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 1Molecular Weight75591.275 Da
References- Olivier M, BottG R, Frisdal E, Nowick M, Plengpanich W, Desmarchelier C, Roi S, Quinn CM, Gelissen I, Jessup W, Van Eck M, Guerin M, Le Goff W, Reboul E: ABCG1 is involved in vitamin E efflux. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Dec;1841(12):1741-51. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.003. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at September 27, 2022 08:31