Sometimes a person may become confused, restless or agitated. Your loved one may not know where they are or who is with them. Or they may fidget, or want to move about even if they’re not able to. You may want to reassure them by reminding them of who you are and what is going on around them.
They may describe speaking to someone who has died or they may see things that aren’t there. If they’re not upset, it’s fine to talk to them about what they can see or hear. Some people may be frightened – staying near them, gently touching them and reassuring them may help. A calm room with quiet music and familiar items like photos nearby can also help.
It can be upsetting for you if your family member is confused or agitated. There could be different reasons for why it is happening, so speak to the doctor or nurse. They will look for anything that is causing it, like pain, problems with their bladder or bowels, or issues with their medicines. They may recommend giving medicine to relax and calm them. Or they may suggest putting in a catheter (a tube into the bladder to drain urine). This will stop the bladder getting full and causing discomfort. If you are worried that your family member may be in pain, the doctor or nurse can help with this.
This information is about treating exocrine pancreatic cancer, the most common type of pancreatic cancer. See Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor (NET) for information about how that type is typically treated.
Most of the time, pancreatic cancer is treated based on its stage – how far it has spread in the body. But other factors, such as your overall health, can also affect treatment options. Talk to your doctor if you have any questions about the treatment plan they recommend.
It can be hard to stage pancreatic cancer accurately using imaging tests. Doctors do their best to figure out before treatment if there is a good chance the cancer is resectable – that is, if it can be removed completely. But sometimes cancers turn out to have spread farther than was first thought.
Treating resectable cancer
Surgeons usually consider pancreatic cancer to be resectable if it looks like it is still just in the pancreas or doesn’t extend far beyond the pancreas, and has not grown into nearby large blood vessels. A person must also be healthy enough to withstand surgery to remove the cancer, which is a major operation.
If imaging tests show a reasonable chance of removing the cancer completely, surgery is the preferred treatment if possible, as it offers the only realistic chance for cure. Based on where the cancer started, usually either a Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy) or a distal pancreatectomy is used.
Sometimes even when a cancer is thought to be resectable, it becomes clear during the surgery that not all of it can be removed. If this happens, continuing the operation might do more harm than good. The surgery might be stopped, or the surgeon might continue with a smaller operation with a goal of relieving or preventing problems such as bile duct blockage.
Adjuvant treatment (treatment after surgery)
Even when the surgeon thinks all of the cancer has been removed, the cancer might still come back. Giving chemotherapy (chemo), either alone or with radiation therapy (chemoradiation), after surgery (known as adjuvant treatment) might help some patients live longer. The chemo drugs most often used are gemcitabine (Gemzar) or 5-FU.
Neoadjuvant treatment (treatment before surgery)
Sometimes, if the tumor is thought to be resectable but is very large, has many nearby large lymph nodes, or is causing significant pain, chemotherapy or chemoradiation may be given before surgery to shrink the tumor (known as neoadjuvant treatment). This may make it easier to remove all the cancer at the time of surgery. Additional chemo may still be recommended after surgery.
Treating borderline resectable cancer
A small number of pancreatic cancers have reached nearby blood vessels but have not grown deeply into them or surrounded them. These cancers might still be removable by surgery, but the odds of removing all of the cancer are lower, so they are considered borderline resectable.
These cancers are often treated first with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (sometimes along with radiation therapy) to try to shrink the cancer and make it easier to remove. Imaging tests (and sometimes laparoscopy) are then done to make sure the cancer hasn’t grown too much to be removed. As long as it hasn’t, surgery is then done to remove it. This might be followed by more chemotherapy.
Another option might be to have surgery first, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy (and possibly radiation). If, during the surgery, it becomes clear that not all of the cancer can be removed, continuing the operation might do more harm than good. The surgery might be stopped, or the surgeon might continue with a smaller operation with a goal of relieving or preventing problems such as bile duct blockage.
Treating locally advanced (unresectable) cancer
Locally advanced cancers have grown too far into nearby blood vessels or other tissues to be removed completely by surgery, but have not spread to the liver or distant organs and tissues. Surgery to try to remove these cancers does not help people live longer. Therefore, if surgery is done, it is to relieve bile duct blockage or to bypass a blocked intestine caused by the cancer pressing on other organs.
Chemotherapy, sometimes followed by chemoradiation, is the standard treatment option for locally advanced cancers. This may help some people live longer even if the cancer doesn’t shrink. Giving chemo and radiation therapy together may work better to shrink the cancer, but this combination has more side effects and can be harder on patients than either treatment alone. Sometimes, targeted therapy may be added to chemotherapy before chemoradiation is given.
Other times, immunotherapy given alone may also be an option.
Surgery might be done after chemo or chemoradiation, if imaging shows the cancer has become smaller and can be removed completely by surgery.
Treating metastatic (widespread) cancer
Pancreatic cancers often first spread within the abdomen (belly) and to the liver. They can also spread to the lungs, bone, brain, and other organs.
These cancers have spread too much to be removed by surgery. Even when imaging tests show that the spread is only to one other part of the body, it is often assumed that small groups of cancer cells (too small to be seen on imaging tests) have already reached other organs of the body.
Chemotherapy is typically the main treatment for these cancers. It can sometimes shrink or slow the growth of these cancers for a time and might help people live longer, but it is not expected to cure the cancer.
Gemcitabine is one of the drugs used most often. It can be used alone (especially for people in poor health), or it can be combined with other drugs like albumin-bound paclitaxel (Abraxane), capecitabine (Xeloda), or the targeted drug erlotinib (Tarceva).
Another option, especially for people who are otherwise in good health, is a combination of chemo drugs called FOLFIRINOX. This consists of 4 drugs: 5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan (Camptosar), and oxaliplatin (Eloxatin). This treatment might help people live longer than getting gemcitabine alone, but it can also have more severe side effects.
In certain cases, immunotherapy or targeted therapy may be options for people whose cancer cells have certain gene changes.
Other treatments might also be used to help prevent or relieve symptoms from these cancers. For example, radiation therapy or some type of nerve block might be used to help relieve cancer pain, or a stent might be placed during an endoscopy to help keep the bile duct open.
Because the treatments now available don’t work well for many people, you may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial of new drugs or combinations of drugs.
Treating pancreatic cancer that progresses or recurs
If cancer continues to grow during treatment (progresses) or comes back (recurs), your treatment options will depend on:
- Where and how much the cancer has spread
- What treatments you have already had
- Your health and desire for more treatment
It’s important that you understand the goal of any further treatment, as well as the likelihood of benefits and risks.
When pancreatic cancer recurs, it most often shows up first in the liver, but it may also spread to the lungs, bone, or other organs. This is usually treated with chemotherapy if you are healthy enough to get it. If you have had chemo before and it kept the cancer away for some time, the same chemo might be helpful again. Otherwise, different chemo drugs might be tried, sometimes along with targeted therapy. Immunotherapy may also be helpful in some cases of recurrent pancreatic cancer. Other treatments such as radiation therapy or stent placement might be used to help prevent or relieve symptoms from the cancer.
If the cancer progresses while you are getting chemotherapy, another type of chemotherapy might be tried if you are healthy enough.
At some point, it might become clear that standard treatments are no longer controlling the cancer. If you want to continue getting treatment, you might think about taking part in a clinical trial of a newer pancreatic cancer treatment. While these are not always the best option for every person, they may benefit you, as well as future patients.
Treating cancer of the ampulla of Vater
The ampulla of Vater is the area where the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct empty into the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). Cancer at this site (known as ampullary cancer) can start in the pancreatic duct, the duodenum, or the common bile duct. In many patients, ampullary cancer can’t be distinguished from pancreatic cancer until surgery has been done.
These cancers often cause early symptoms such as jaundice, so they are often found while they are still resectable. Surgery with the Whipple procedure is often successful in treating these early stage cancers. Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy is often recommended after surgery.