APA Citation (style guide)
Gibaldi, J., & Achtert, W. S. (1984). MLA handbook for writers of research papers. 2nd ed. New York, Modern Language Association of America.
Chicago / Turabian - Author Date Citation (style guide)
Gibaldi, Joseph, 1942- and Walter S. Achtert. 1984. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. New York, Modern Language Association of America.
Chicago / Turabian - Humanities Citation (style guide)
Gibaldi, Joseph, 1942- and Walter S. Achtert, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. New York, Modern Language Association of America, 1984.
MLA Citation (style guide)
Gibaldi, Joseph and Walter S Achtert. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 2nd ed. New York, Modern Language Association of America, 1984.
Note! Citation formats are based on standards as of July 2022. Citations contain only title, author, edition, publisher, and year published. Citations should be used as a guideline and should be double checked for accuracy.
The MLA Style Manual has been the standard guide for graduate students, teachers, and scholars in the humanities and for professional writers in many fields. The second edition contains several added sections and updated guidelines on citing electronic works -- including materials found on the World Wide Web.
There is an expanded chapter on the publication process, from manuscript to published work, and advice for those seeking to publish their articles or books. A chapter by the attorney Arthur F. Abelman reviews legal issues, such as copyright law, the concept of fair use, the provisions of a typical publishing contract, defamation, and the emergence of privacy law.
Other chapters discuss stylistic conventions and the preparation of manuscripts, theses, and dissertations and offer an authoritative and comprehensive presentation of MLA documentation style.
Access Date: The date you first look at a source. The access date is added to the end of citations for all websites except library databases.
Citation: Details about one cited source.
Citing: The process of acknowledging the sources of your information and ideas.
In-Text Citation: A brief note at the point in your paper where information is used from a source to indicate where the information came from. An in-text citation should always match more detailed information that is available in the Works Cited List.
Paraphrasing: Taking information that you have read and putting it into your own words.
Plagiarism: Taking, using, and passing off as your own, the ideas or words of another.
Quoting: The copying of words of text originally published elsewhere. Direct quotations generally appear in quotation marks and end with a citation.
Works Cited List: Contains details on ALL the sources cited in a text or essay, and supports your research and/or premise.
MLA Handbook
MLA Handbook, 9th ed. |
| MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers |
| United States |
| English |
| Style guide |
| Modern Language Association of America |
| 2021 |
| xxx + 367 |
| 9781603293518 |
| LB2369 .M52 2021 |
| //style.mla.org |
MLA Handbook (9th ed., 2021), formerly MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (1977–2009), establishes a system for documenting sources in scholarly writing. It is published by the Modern Language Association, which is based in the United States. According to the organization, their MLA style "has been widely adopted for classroom instruction and used worldwide by scholars, journal publishers, and academic and commercial presses".[1]
MLA Handbook began as an abridged student version of MLA Style Manual. Both are academic style guides that have been widely used in the United States, Canada, and other countries, providing guidelines for writing and documentation of research in the humanities, such as English studies (including the English language, writing, and literature written in English); the study of other modern languages and literatures, including comparative literature; literary criticism; media studies; cultural studies; and related disciplines.[2] Released in April 2016, the eighth edition of MLA Handbook (like its previous editions) is addressed primarily to secondary-school and undergraduate college and university teachers and students.[3]
MLA announced in April 2016 that MLA Handbook would henceforth be "the authoritative source for MLA style", and that the 2008 third edition of MLA Style Manual would be the final edition of the larger work. The announcement also stated that the organization "is in the process of developing additional publications to address the professional needs of scholars."[4]
History[edit]
MLA Handbook grew out of the initial MLA Style Sheet of 1951[5] (revised in 1970[6][7]), a 28-page "more or less official" standard.[8] The first five editions, published between 1977 and 1999 were titled MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. The 2003 sixth edition changed the title to MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.
The seventh edition's main changes from the sixth edition were "no longer recogniz[ing] a default medium and instead call[ing] for listing the medium of publication [whether Print or Web or CD] in every entry in the list of works cited", recommending against listing URLs, and preferring italics over underline.[9] Additionally, the seventh edition included a website with the full text of the book.[10] Later online additions allowed for citation of e-books[11] and tweets.[12]
The eighth edition's main changes from the seventh edition are "shift[ing] our focus from a prescriptive list of formats to an overarching purpose of source documentation".[8] Released in spring 2016, it changes the structure of the works cited list, most directly by adding abbreviations for volumes and issues (vol. and no.), pages (p. or pp.), not abbreviating words like "editor" or "translator", using URLs in most instances (though preferring DOI, as in APA), and not favoring the medium of publication.[13] The ninth edition, in 2021, provides more examples, advises more inclusive language, and advises that URLs are optional, with DOI and permalinks being preferred.[14][15] The ninth edition also provides rules for annotated bibliographies.[14]
Editions[edit]
The table below identifies the year of publication of each edition of MLA Handbook.
| 1 | 1977 |
| 2 | 1984 |
| 3 | 1988 |
| 4 | 1995 |
| 5 | 1999 |
| 6 | 2003 |
| 7 | 2009 |
| 8 | 2016 |
| 9 | 2021 |
MLA Style Manual[edit]
MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing| MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing |
| United States |
| English |
| Style guide |
| Modern Language Association of America |
| 2008 |
| May 2008 |
| Print; large print; also listed as available as audiobook |
| xxiv & 336 |
| 978-0-87352-297-7 |
| 191090459 |
| 808/.027 22 |
| PN147 .G444 2008 |
| MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2nd ed., by Joseph Gibaldi)' |
MLA Style Manual, previously titled MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing in its second (1998) and third edition (2008), was an academic style guide by the United States-based Modern Language Association of America (MLA) first published in 1985. MLA announced in April 2016 that the publication would be discontinued: the third edition would be the last and was to be "taken out of print". The announcement also said that what began as an abridged version for students, MLA Handbook, was to be after that point "the authoritative source for MLA style", and that the organization was "in the process of developing additional publications to address the professional needs of scholars".[16]
Usage[edit]
MLA documentation style is used in scholarship throughout the humanities, especially in English studies, modern languages and literatures, comparative literature, literary criticism, media studies, cultural studies, and related disciplines.
MLA Style Manual was one of two books on MLA documentation style published by the MLA. While MLA Handbook is aimed at secondary and post-secondary students and their teachers, the intended audience of MLA Style Manual primarily consisted of graduate students, academic scholars, professors, professional writers, and editors.[17]
History[edit]
Both MLA Handbook and MLA Style Manual were preceded by a slim booklet titled MLA Style Sheet, first published in 1951 [18] and revised in 1970.[19] The Style Sheet was allowed to go out of print after the commercial success of the Handbook, creating the need for the Manual as a companion to the Handbook.[20]
MLA Style Manual was scheduled to go out of print in 2016.[4] In April 2017, the organization said it would be "developing additional publications to address the professional needs of scholars".[21]
See also[edit]
- Comparison of reference management software
- Parenthetical referencing
- APA style
References[edit]
- ^ "MLA Style". Modern Language Association. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
- ^ "What is MLA Style". MLA. Archived from the original on 2012-03-10.
- ^ Feal, Rosemary G. (2016). "Foreword". MLA Handbook. Modern Language Association. pp. vii–viii. ISBN 978-1-60329-262-7.
- ^ a b "Ask the MLA: Is a new edition of the MLA Style Manual going to be published?". The MLA Style Center. Modern Language Association. April 8, 2016. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
- ^ "The MLA Style Sheet". PMLA. 66 (3): 3–31. 1951. doi:10.2307/2699076. ISSN 0030-8129. JSTOR 2699076.
- ^ Kennedy, Scott (1999). Reference Sources for Small and Medium-sized Libraries. Chicago and London: American Library Association. p. 779. ISBN 978-0-8389-3468-5.
- ^ Achtert, Walter S.; Gibaldi, Joseph (1985). The MLA Style Manual (First ed.). New York: Modern Language Association of America. p. vii. ISBN 978-0-87352-136-9.
- ^ a b Fitzpatrick, Kathleen (2016). "Preface". MLA Handbook (8th ed.). Modern Language Association. pp. ix–xiv. ISBN 978-1-60329-262-7.
- ^ "What is new in the seventh edition of the MLA Handbook?". MLA. 3 February 2012. Archived from the original on 1 April 2013.
- ^ Nicholls, David G. (2009). "Preface". MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed.). New York: MLA. pp. xvii–xix. ISBN 978-1-60329-024-1.
- ^ "How do I cite an e-book?". MLA (7th ed.). Archived from the original on 11 March 2015.
- ^ "How do I cite a tweet?". MLA (7th ed.). Archived from the original on 10 November 2013.
- ^ "What's New in the Eighth Edition". Modern Language Association. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
- ^ a b MLA Handbook (9th ed.). New York: Modern Language Association of America. 2021. pp. xxv–xxvi, 187–188. ISBN 978-1-60329-351-8. OCLC 1192304724.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
- ^ "MLA 9th Edition Changes". Purdue Writing Lab. Purdue University. Retrieved 2021-12-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
- ^ "Ask the MLA: Is a new edition of the MLA Style Manual going to be published?". MLA Style Center. Modern Language Association. April 8, 2016. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
- ^ Gibaldi, Joseph (1998). MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (Second ed.). New York: Modern Language Association of America. p. iv. ISBN 0-87352-699-6.
- ^ "The MLA Style Sheet". PMLA. 66 (3): 3–31. 1951. doi:10.2307/2699076. ISSN 0030-8129. JSTOR 2699076.
- ^ The MLA Style Sheet (2nd ed.). New York: Modern Language Association of America. 1970. ISBN 978-0-87352-002-7.
- ^ Achtert, Walter S.; Gibaldi, Joseph (1985). The MLA Style Manual (First ed.). New York: Modern Language Association of America. p. vii. ISBN 978-0-87352-136-9.
- ^ "The MLA Style Manual". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on 2017-04-20. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
Bibliography[edit]
- Achtert, Walter S.; Gibaldi, Joseph (1985), The MLA Style Manual, New York: MLA.
- Modern Language Association (2008), MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd ed.), New York: MLA, ISBN 978-0-87352-297-7.
- Modern Language Association (2009), The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed.), New York: MLA, ISBN 978-1-60329-024-1.
- "What Is MLA Style?", Modern Language Association, 2011, retrieved 2011-01-31.
External links[edit]
- The MLA Style Center – dedicated website
- MLA Style Guide, Eighth Edition, IRSC Libraries
- MLA Formatting and Style Guide, Purdue OWL
- MLA Style Manual, Second Edition, 1998
- Guide to academic style guides, from College of St. Rose.